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Raipur

Coordinates: 21°14′40″N 81°37′50″E / 21.24444°N 81.63056°E / 21.24444; 81.63056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh. For other places, see Raipur (disambiguation).

Raipur
Metropolis
Sri Ram Mandir
Sector 19
GE road
Vivekananda Sarovar
Sendh Lake
Map
Interactive map of Raipur
Raipur is located in Chhattisgarh
Raipur
Raipur
Raipur is located in India
Raipur
Raipur
Coordinates: 21°14′40″N 81°37′50″E / 21.24444°N 81.63056°E / 21.24444; 81.63056
Country India
StateChhattisgarh
DistrictRaipur
Founded byBrahma Deo Rai
Named forBrahma Deo Rai
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyRaipur Municipal Corporation

Raipur Development Authority(RDA)

Naya Raipur Development Authority (NRDA)
 • MayorAijaz Dhebar (INC)
 • District CollectorGaurav Kumar Singh (IAS)
 • Superintendent of PolicePrashant Agrawal (IPS)
 • Member of ParliamentBrijmohan Agrawal (BJP)
 • Municipal CommissionerAbhinash Mishra (IAS)
Area
[1]
 • Metropolis
503.67 km2 (194.47 sq mi)
Elevation
298.15 m (978.18 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Metropolis
1,010,087
 • RankIndia: 45th
Chhattisgarh: 1st
 • Density2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
1,122,555
 • Metro rank
47th
Demonym(s)Raipurians, Raipurya
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
492001-22, 493111-211 (Raipur)[4]
Vehicle registrationCG-04
UN/LOCODEIN RPR
AirportSwami Vivekananda Airport (RPR)
Rapid TransitRaipur BRTS
Websiteraipur.gov.in

Raipur (/ˈraɪpʊər/ pronunciationⓘ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Raipur is also the administrative headquarters of Raipur district and Raipur division, and the largest city of the state. It was a part of Madhya Pradesh before the state of Chhattisgarh was formed on 1 November 2000.[5] It is a major commercial hub for trade and commerce in the region. It has exponential industrial growth and has become a major business hub in Central India. It has been ranked as India's 6th cleanest city as per the Swachh Survekshan for the year 2021.[6] (In the Swachh Survekshan Awards-2023, Chhattisgarh secured the third rank in the ‘Best Performing States’ category).[7] Raipur is ranked 7th in the Ease of Living Index 2022 and 7th in the Municipal Performance Index 2020, both by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).[8][9]

It is among the biggest producers of steel and iron in the country. There are about 200 steel rolling mills, 195 sponge iron plants, at least 6 steel plants, 60 plywood factories, 35 ferro-alloy plants, and 500 agro-industries in the city. In addition, Raipur also has over 800 rice milling plants.[10]

History

[edit]

Raipur district, like the rest of the Chhattisgarh plain, was once known as Dakshina Kosala and considered to be under Maurya Empire.[citation needed] In Arang near Raipur, a Gupta inscription dated to the 6th century CE shows Gupta hegemony over the region. In the 7th century CE, the region was ruled by a Buddhist kingdom in Bhandak in modern-day Maharashtra and was described by Xuanzang.[citation needed] A branch of this family later migrated to Sirpur in present-day Mahasamund district, and later took control of the entirety of Dakshina Kosala.[citation needed] This kingdom's prosperity reached its height with Tivaradeva. His son inscribed almost all temples in Sirpur.[citation needed] They were later ousted by the Sharabpuriyas, who took control of the rest of Chhattisgarh and ruled for several centuries.[citation needed]

By the early 9th century the Kalachuris gained control of the region. The Kalachuris of Ratnapura ruled Ratnapur until the 13th century. By the 14th century, the Kalachuris of Raipur branch gained power. One king of the Raipur branch conquered 18 garh, or forts, of the enemy - lending an etymology to Chhattisgarh, the 36 forts. By the 18th century Kalachuris became the overlords of entire Chhattisgarh region.[citation needed]

Demographics

[edit]
See also: List of cities in Chhattisgarh
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 32,114—    
1911 35,335+10.0%
1921 38,341+8.5%
1931 45,390+18.4%
1941 63,465+39.8%
1951 89,804+41.5%
1961 139,792+55.7%
1971 205,986+47.4%
1981 338,245+64.2%
1991 452,301+33.7%
2001 707,469+56.4%
2011 1,010,433+42.8%
Source: [11]

As of the 2011 census, Raipur Municipal Corporation had a population of 1,010,433, of which 519,286 are males and 490,801 are females—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.[12] 124,471 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 64,522 are boys and 59,949 are girls—a ratio of 929 girls per 1000 boys. There are 769,593 literates (420,155 males, 349,438 females). The effective literacy was 86.90%; male literacy was 92.39% and female literacy was 81.10%, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.[2][13]

The urban agglomeration had a population of 1,122,555, of which males constitute 578,339, females constitute 544,216—a sex ratio of 941 females per 1000 males and 142,826 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 846,952 literates with an effective literacy rate of 86.45%.[3]

Geography and climate

[edit]
Raipur
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
6.7
 
 
28
13
 
 
12
 
 
31
17
 
 
25
 
 
36
21
 
 
16
 
 
40
25
 
 
19
 
 
42
28
 
 
190
 
 
37
27
 
 
381
 
 
31
24
 
 
345
 
 
30
24
 
 
230
 
 
31
24
 
 
54
 
 
32
22
 
 
7.4
 
 
30
17
 
 
3.7
 
 
27
13
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: IMD
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.3
 
 
82
56
 
 
0.5
 
 
88
62
 
 
1
 
 
96
69
 
 
0.6
 
 
103
78
 
 
0.7
 
 
108
83
 
 
7.5
 
 
99
80
 
 
15
 
 
87
75
 
 
14
 
 
86
75
 
 
9.1
 
 
88
75
 
 
2.1
 
 
89
71
 
 
0.3
 
 
85
62
 
 
0.1
 
 
81
56
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Geography

[edit]

Raipur is located near the centre of a large plain, sometimes referred to as the "rice bowl of India", where hundreds of varieties of rice are grown.[14] The Mahanadi River flows to the east of the city of Raipur, and the southern side has dense forests. The Maikal Hills rise on the north-west of Raipur; on the north, the land rises and merges with the Chota Nagpur Plateau, which extends north-east across Jharkhand state. On the south of Raipur lies the Deccan Plateau.[citation needed]

Climate

[edit]

Raipur has a tropical wet and dry climate, and temperatures remain moderate throughout the year, except from March to June, which can be extremely hot. The temperature in April–May sometimes rises above 48 °C (118 °F). These summer months also have dry and hot winds. The city receives about 1,300 millimetres (51 in) of rain, mostly in the monsoon season from late June to early October. Winters last from November to January and are mild, although lows can fall to 5 °C (41 °F) making it reasonably cold.[15]

Climate data for Raipur (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.5
(97.7) 		38.0
(100.4) 		43.3
(109.9) 		46.1
(115.0) 		47.9
(118.2) 		47.2
(117.0) 		41.2
(106.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.9
(100.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.1
(93.4) 		47.9
(118.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		31.1
(88.0) 		35.2
(95.4) 		39.5
(103.1) 		41.8
(107.2) 		37.1
(98.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.9
(89.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.5
(83.3) 		33.0
(91.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4) 		23.8
(74.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		32.1
(89.8) 		35.1
(95.2) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.9
(80.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		27.1
(80.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		21.5
(70.7)
Record low °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		3.9
(39.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 14.4
(0.57) 		16.3
(0.64) 		13.2
(0.52) 		15.7
(0.62) 		23.8
(0.94) 		197.8
(7.79) 		377.4
(14.86) 		334.2
(13.16) 		235.5
(9.27) 		46.9
(1.85) 		8.2
(0.32) 		6.9
(0.27) 		1,290.3
(50.80)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 9.1 14.4 14.4 9.6 2.8 0.5 0.3 58.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 43 35 29 24 26 52 76 79 74 62 53 47 50
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[16][17]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[18]

Raipur has been ranked the eighth-best National Clean Air City (under Category I: Cities with population above 10 Lakhs) in India according to the Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results.[19]

Government and politics

[edit]

Civic administration

[edit]

Raipur city has a Municipal corporation. It was initially established by the British on 17 May 1867, initially named Raipur Municipal Committee.[20] It was upgraded to Raipur Municipal Corporation in the year 1973.[20] The area of the municipal corporation is 503.67 km2 (194.47 sq mi).[1][21] RMC is governed under the guidelines mentioned in the Chhattisgarh Municipalities Act, 1961.[21] As per the 2011 Census of India, the urban agglomeration population in Raipur, Durg - Bhilai was 3,186,632. The three urban cities of Raipur, Bhilai, and Durg in the west-central region of Chhattisgarh together create the Raipur - Bhilai - Durg Tri-City Metro area.

The functions of the municipal corporation are the construction of health centres, educational institutes, and schools, and the periodic maintenance of the houses.[22] In addition to taking the responsibility of constructing basic civic infrastructure, flyovers, and roads, it is also developing recreational centres such as museums, community halls, and parks. Along with basic civic infrastructure, flyovers, and roads.[22]

The executive committee consists of the Commissioner, Deputy commissioner, city health officers, executive engineers, zone commissioners, and other staff.[23] The Municipal Commissioner of Raipur is Shri. Saurabh Kumar (I.A.S).[24] The current mayor is Aijaz Dhebar from INC. The Mayor in the council consists of the Mayor who is the ex officio chairperson of the MIC. Among elected councillors, the mayor elects them to the council.[23] There are 70 wards and 8 zones within the Raipur Municipal Corporation.[22] The zonal ward committees are headed by chairpersons who are elected by ward councillors of the respective zone.[25]

The recent municipal elections were held on 21 December 2019. The political parties in the majority at the municipal level are BJP and INC. The estimated municipal budget for the 2017-2018 period is ₹ 2,612,667. Key revenue sources are tax income, fees and charges, sanitation charges, grants and donations, and capital income.[26]

The city is a part of Raipur District with Gaurav Kumar Singh, IAS/Collector and DM.[27] The collector heads the district administration department.[27] The upper collector, deputy collector, and joint deputy assist the Collector. Another governing agency that is active in the city of Raipur is the Urban Administration And Development, Chhattisgarh.[27]

Master plan

[edit]

Raipur Master Plan 2021 recognizes the need for planned development to take the pressure off the downtown core and meet the need for green spaces and bodies of water in that area. The plan calls for dense housing in new subdivisions on the outskirts and well-planned high-rise commercial and industrial development along with the NH-6 as well as on the north side of the city.[28]

Legislative assembly and state agencies

[edit]

Raipur is a Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency in central Chhattisgarh. Raipur's Lok Sabha seat is unreserved. Sunil Kumar Soni of BJP is the current Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from the city.[29] There are seven Vidhan Sabha seats in Raipur district, including three in Raipur City, one in Raipur Rural and three in Outer Tehsils.[30]

Economy

[edit]

Raipur, being the capital city of Chhattisgarh, has attracted large amounts of industrial development. As it is the state capital, the government and service sectors make up a large part of the city's economy and workforce. Manufacturing industries are also well-developed in the city, with a large number of industrial zones. Raipur is also regarded as one of the best cities to do business. It is abundantly rich in mineral resources and is among the biggest producers of steel and iron in the country. There are about 200 steel rolling mills, 195 sponge iron plants, at least 6 steel plants, 60 plywood factories, 35 ferro-alloy plants, and 500 agro-industries in the city. In addition, Raipur also has over 800 rice milling plants.[10]

Dalmia Cement (Bharat) is planning to set up an integrated cement manufacturing unit with a capacity of 2.5 million TPA in Raipur.[31] A South Korean multinational Sung Ha Telecom is also planning to set up a plant in Naya Raipur.[32] JSW Steel has a steel plant in Raipur. APL Apollo's in joint venture with a Singaporean company has planned a manufacturing plant in Raipur.[33] Grasim Industries operates a cement plant at Rawan in Raipur.[34] Ambuja Cements has a plant in Bhatapara.[35] In addition, Raipur has a large chemical plant which produces and supplies formalin all throughout the country.[36] LPG bottling plants owned by Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum are also in Raipur.[37] Godavari - E - Mobility is planning to set up a manufacturing plant in the city as well.[38] A heavy machinery plant of Jindal Group is in Raipur.[39]

Functioning as an information technology (IT) and cyber hub, a technology park in Chhattisgarh's new capital city Naya Raipur was built.[40] Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation (CSIDC) will be developing a new industrial area in Tilda near Raipur to provide facilities for small and medium industries. Two new industrial parks for apparel and metal industries are coming up in Raipur.[41]

Civic utilities

[edit]

Transport services

[edit]

The superintendent of Engineers Executive Engineers, the team of Engineers, and the staff responsible for the related activities of the road department head the public works department.[20] Their purposes are planning and designing of road stormwater drains, maintenance of roads and streets, maintenance of gardens and parks, resurfacing the roads, and repairing potholes and bad patches.[20]

In the bus transport system of Raipur City there is a total number of 157 buses plying within the city.[42]

Fire service and electricity

[edit]

The city's electricity is supplied by Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Limited. Fire and emergency services were set up in 2016 to protect fire incidents in the state.[43] As per the directions of the government, the Fire Station of the urban body are being taken under fire and emergency services.[43]

Water, drainage, and sewerage

[edit]

The existing source of unfiltered water is the Kharun River, and about 170 million litres of water per day (MLD) is treated on a daily basis, and the plant has a treatment capacity of 275 MLD. The per capita water supply in the city of Raipur is 135 litres per day. There is a water supply connection serving a total of 50,000 households. Along with water from the Kharun River (27 MLD), another source of water is groundwater, and the capacity utilized is 22 MLD. There is a total of 1,133 handpumps in the city.

There is a lack in the sewerage systems of Raipur City. The data for households with a Sewerage Network is unavailable,[44] but the number of households with septic tanks is 1,44,882 and the households without any outlets for toilets is 5,649.[44] The city has no separate drainage system nor any sewer lines. There is a separate stormwater drainage system, laid as per requirement.[44]

Solid waste management

[edit]

The waste management in the city is entrusted to the city health officer, the in-charge health officer, zonal health officer, and the team of sanitary supervisors and ward supervisors.[20] A total of 3,56,490 households have been successful with source segregation and are covered by door-to-door collection.[45] Raipur's major waste disposal site is the Sarona site, which is 12 km away from the city centre.[45]

Transport

[edit]

Roadways

[edit]

Some major roads in Raipur are National Highway 53 (NH-53), National Highway 30 (NH-30), Great Eastern Road, Pandri Road, Baloda Bazar Road, Nardha Raipur Road, VIP Road, and Atal Path Expressway.

The Raipur–Naya Raipur Expressway, also known as Atal Path Expressway, is a 12.7 km (7.9 mi) access-controlled expressway connecting Raipur to Naya Raipur. It has been made to ease the traffic on the GE road and provide faster access to Dhamtari road from Raipur railway station. It serves 4 flyovers and 1 elevated corridor, crossing over GE road and NH-53 in between two ends of the expressway.

The proposed Durg–Raipur–Arang Expressway, Raipur-Ranchi-Dhanbad Expressway and the under-construction Raipur–Visakhapatnam Expressway will pass through and start from Raipur, which after completion, will enhance connectivity and commute further with other cities to and from Raipur.

Bus transport

[edit]

The Sri Balaji Swami Trust Sri Dudhadhari Math Inter State Bus Terminal at Ravanbhantha is the main bus station of the city. It has replaced the old Minimata Bus Stand or Pandri Stand, which was causing heavy traffic problems. The services of the new ISBT started on 15 November 2021. The only bus rapid transit system is the Raipur and Naya Raipur BRTS.

Metro

[edit]

A light rail, or a Metrolite or Lite Metro (as referred in India), has been proposed by the Government of Chhattisgarh, which will run from Naya Raipur to Durg via Raipur and Bhilai.[46]

Railways

[edit]
Main side of Railway station
Raipur Junction Railway Station

Raipur Junction railway station is the primary railway station of the city, which is situated on the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line of the Indian Railways, running through the cities of Bhusawal, Nagpur, Gondia, Durg (Bhilai), Bilaspur, Rourkela and Kharagpur. Thus, it is connected with many major cities. It is categorized in the A-1 category of railway stations by the Indian Railways. Raipur has some smaller railway stations in Sarona, Saraswati Nagar, and the WRS Colony railway stations which also lie on the same railway route.

Airport

[edit]
Swami Vivekananda Airport, Raipur

Swami Vivekananda International Airport, (Formerly called the Mana Airport), is the primary airport serving the state of Chhattisgarh. The airport is located 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Raipur and 10 km (6.2 mi) from Naya Raipur. The airport is well-connected, having daily direct flights to Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune, Chennai, Goa, Lucknow, Indore, Jaipur, Patna, Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad, Prayagraj, and Jagdalpur, operated by Alliance Air, IndiGo and Vistara airlines.[47]

List of mayors

[edit]
Term of office Name Party Notes
Since 07.01.2020 Aijaz Dhebar Indian National Congress
07.01.2015 to 07.01.2020 Pramod Dubey Indian National Congress
05.01.2010 to 07.01.2015 Kiranmayi Nayak Indian National Congress
05.01.2004 to 05.01.2010 Sunil Kumar Soni BJP
04.01.2000 to 25.12.2003 Tarun Prasad Chatterjee Indian National Congress
05.01.1995 to 04.01.2000 Balbeer Juneja Indian National Congress
27.02.1985 to 04.01.1995 Administrator
11.09.1984 to 26.02.1985 Santosh Agrawal Indian National Congress
27.02.1983 to 10.09.1984 Tarun Prasad Chatterjee Indian National Congress
27.02.1982 to 26.02.1983 Swaroop Chand Jain Indian National Congress
27.02.1981 to 27.02.1982 S.R.Murthi Indian National Congress
27.02.1980 to 27.02.1981 Swaroop Chand Jain Indian National Congress

Points of Interest

[edit]
Map
Map
Map
Raipur

Education

[edit]

Raipur has become a big educational hub of Chhattisgarh due to the presence of many institutes of national importance in engineering, management, medical and law, including IIM, NIT, AIIMS, Hidayatullah National Law University (HNLU), CIPET, Raipur, NIPER(Proposed) and IIIT.[48]

View of the Rajkumar College, Raipur

Premier institutes

[edit]

Government universities

[edit]

Private universities and deemed universities

[edit]

Commerce, engineering, and management colleges

[edit]

Secondary education

[edit]

Media

[edit]

News channels

[edit]

Many local news channels are telecast from Raipur in Hindi:

News channels Language
CG 24 news channel CG Hindi
IBC24 Hindi
Khabar Bharti Hindi
Grand News (Cable Network) Hindi
News18 MP CG Hindi
Sadhna News Hindi
Sahara Samay Channel Hindi
Zee MP CG Hindi
India News MP CG Hindi
Bansal News Hindi
Abhi Tak (Cable Network) Hindi
Inh News Hindi

Newspapers

[edit]

Many national and local newspapers are published from Raipur in both Hindi and English:

Newspaper Language
Dainik Bhaskar Hindi
Dainik Vishwa Pariwar Hindi
Patrika Hindi
Nava Bharat Hindi
Deshbandhu Hindi
Nai Duniya Hindi
Haribhoomi Hindi
The Times of India English
The Central Chronicle English
Hindustan Times English
Hindustan Hindi
The Hitavada English
The Pioneer English
Business Standard English, Hindi
Business Bhaskar English, Hindi

Radio

[edit]

Raipur city has five FM Radio Stations -

Frequency Modulation Channel Slogan
94.3 FM MY FM Jio Dil Se
95.0 FM FM Tadka Sound's Good
98.3 FM Radio Mirchi Mirchi Sunane Wale Always Khush
101.6 FM All India Radio Raipur & Vividh Bharti Desh Ki Surili Dhadkan
104.8 FM Radio Rangila Jamm ke suno

Notable people

[edit]
  • Lucky Ali, Bollywood singer/composer/actor, did a part of his schooling from Rajkumar College, Raipur[50]
  • Teejan Bai, traditional performing artist for Pandavani.
  • Anurag Basu, a noted Bollywood movie director, was born in Raipur and later moved to the neighboring city of Bhilai.
  • Harinath De, an Indian historian, scholar, and polyglot, later became the first Indian librarian of the National Library of India (then Imperial Library), spent his childhood and did his initial schooling in Raipur.
  • Mohammad Hidayatullah, former Chief Justice of India and former acting president of India, received his primary education at the Government High School of Raipur until 1922.
  • Akhtar Husain, Pakistani scholar, journalist and lexicographer.
  • Harshad Mehta, an infamous stockbroker, spent his childhood in Raipur after his parents moved here from Mumbai.
  • Rajneesh, an Indian philosopher, stayed in Raipur and taught philosophy in Raipur Sanskrit College in 1957.[51]
  • Shekhar Sen, musical mono-act player, born and raised in Raipur.
  • Ravishankar Shukla, the first chief minister of the state of Madhya Pradesh, spent his childhood and was educated in Raipur.
  • Vidya Charan Shukla, former Union Minister and a nine-term parliamentarian, born in Raipur
  • Veer Narayan Singh,[52][53] freedom fighter, jailed at Raipur by the British Army.
  • K. S. Sudarshan, former chief of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, born in Raipur in 1931.
  • Habib Tanvir, a noted theatre artist and playwright, was born in Raipur in 1923.
  • Swami Vivekananda spent two of his teenage years in Raipur from 1877 till 1879 when his father was transferred here.[54]
    Swami Vivekananda spent 2 of his teenage years in this building at Raipur

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Raipur City". Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011" (PDF). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). censusindia. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  4. ^ Raipur
  5. ^ Ajit Kumar Jha (8 July 2018). "Credible Chhattisgarh". State of the States. India Today. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019 – via INDIATODAY.IN.
  6. ^ "Swachh Survekshan 2021: Here are top 10 cleanest cities in annual govt survey". 20 November 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  7. ^ "Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023 conferred". pib.gov.in.
  8. ^ "Raipur among best cities on Ease of Living Index in Central India". www.thehitavada.com.
  9. ^ Pioneer, The. "Raipur, Bilaspur excel in Municipal Performance Index". The Pioneer. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Business and Economy of Raipur, Industries in Raipur". www.raipuronline.in. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  11. ^ "Historical Census of India". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  12. ^ "Sex Ratio". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
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