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Fountains Abbey

Coordinates: 54°6′35″N 1°34′53″W / 54.10972°N 1.58139°W / 54.10972; -1.58139
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Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal Water Garden
Fountains Cistercian Abbey: River Skell, Tower & Chapel of Altars
LocationNear Aldfield, North Yorkshire, England
Coordinates54°6′35″N 1°34′53″W / 54.10972°N 1.58139°W / 54.10972; -1.58139
Built1132[1]
Governing bodyNational Trust
OwnerNational Trust
Websitehttps://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/fountains-abbey-and-studley-royal-water-garden
Official nameStudley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iv
Designated1986 (10th session)
Reference no.372
CountryUnited Kingdom
RegionEurope and North America
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameFountains Abbey, with Ancillary Buildings
Designated11 June 1986
Reference no.1149811[2]
Fountains Abbey is located in North Yorkshire
Fountains Abbey
Location of Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire

Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 km) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years, becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution, by order of Henry VIII, in 1539.

In 1983, Studley Royal Park including the ruins of Fountains Abbey was purchased by the National Trust. The abbey is maintained by English Heritage.

Foundation

[edit]

After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey in York, 13 monks were expelled, among them Saint Robert of Newminster. They were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York,[3] who provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water.[4] The six springs that watered the site inspired the monks to give it the name of Fountains.[5][6]

After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order, which since the end of the previous century had been a fast-growing reform movement and by the beginning of the 13th century had more than 500 houses. In 1135 Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The monks of Fountains became subject to Clairvaux Abbey in Burgundy, which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.[7][8][9]

Consolidation

[edit]

According to archaeologist Glyn Coppack, after Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143 the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced; the new church was similar in plan to the church at Vauclair Abbey that Murdac had previously commissioned.[10] Within three years an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings, built in stone and roofed in tile, had been completed.[11]

In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac because of his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burned down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.[12] The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming archbishop of York.[13] He was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx (1147-8), then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald (1148-50). Thorald was forced by the now archbishop, Henry Murdac, to resign after two years in office.[14]

The next abbot, Richard, who held the post until his death in 1170, restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. During his 20 years as abbot he supervised an extensive building programme that involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. At his death, the chapter house was completed, and the new church almost finished.[15] The work was continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell.[16][17] Pipewell was considered a benevolent and virtuous abbot by William Grainge, writing in the nineteenth century.[18]

The next abbot was William of Newminster, a noted ascetic, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190.[19] He was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice after pursuing a military career.[20] Prior to his abbacy at Fountains, from 1182 to 1190/1 he was abbot of Kirkstall Abbey.[20] During the European famine of 1194 the abbey provided support for six months to local people in the form of food, shelter and spiritual care.[21] Famine was joined by the spread of disease, and the abbey helped those who needed treatment.[22] During the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, the north of England was subject to increased taxation, Fountains Abbey included. According to William Grainge, writing in Annals of a Yorkshire Abbey: A Popular History of the Famous Monastery of Fountains, the taxation of temporal goods had reduced from £343 in 1292, to £243 in 1318. Grainge interprets this reduction as evidence for detriment to the estate of the abbey. By 1330s, the abbey was no longer working to surplus, but having to borrow money.[18]

During the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211),[23] John of Hessle (1211–1220)[24] and John of Kent (1220–1247).[23] These three abbots managed to complete another expansion of the abbey's buildings, which included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.[22]

Difficulties

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By the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop,[25] and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294.[26] The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.[27][28]

A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey and other English Cistercian houses were told to break off contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England. They became increasingly involved in internecine politics.[28] In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon - Abbot of Meaux and Roger Frank a monk of Fountains, were locked in conflict until 1416 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434.[29]

Fountains Abbey - Huby's Tower

Fountains regained some stability and prosperity under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471),[30] Thomas Swinton (1471–1478),[31] and John Darnton (1478–1495),[32] who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church. During Greenwell's abbacy, he reduced the debts of the abbey by 100 marks, and survived what was characterised as a poisoning attempt by a monk called William Downom.[30] Swinton kept a detailed 'Memorandum Book', which provides exceptional detail on the life of the abbey during his abbacy.[31] Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) expanded the number of monks from twenty-two to fifty-two, and undertook a building programme which included a new tower at the north end of the transept and extending the infirmary.[33] Known to visitors as Huby's Tower, it was decorated with the abbot's insignia, as well as religious texts.[34]

At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk, who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy, was dismissed as abbot, retired to Jervaulx Abbey, and was later hanged for his involvement in the Pilgrimage of Grace.[35] He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences and testified against him.[36] Furthermore Bradley paid 600 marks to essentially buy the abbacy for himself.[37] In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the dissolution of the monasteries.[36]

Abbots of Fountains

[edit]
Abbots of Fountains[38]
Name Dates Name Dates Name Dates Name Dates
Richard 1132–39 John of Hessle 1211–20 Henry Otley[39] 1289?–90 John Ripon 1416–34
Richard (II) 1139–43 John of Kent 1220–47 Robert Thornton c. 1289–90 Thomas Paslew 1434–43
Henry Murdac 1144–47 Stephen of Easton 1247–52 Robert Bishopton c. 1290/1–1311 John Martin 1442
Maurice 1147–48 William of Allerton 1252–58 William Rigton 1311–16 John Greenwell 1442–71
Thorold 1148–50 Adam 1258–59 Walter Coxwold 1316–36 Thomas Swinton 1471–78
Richard (III) 1150–70 Alexander 1259–65 Robert Copgrove 1336–46 John Darnton 1479–95
Robert of Pipewell 1170–80 Reginald 1267 Robert Monkton 1346–69 Marmaduke Huby 1495–1526
William of Newminster 1180–90 Peter Ayling 1275–79 William Gower 1369–84 William Thirsk 1526–36
Ralph Haget 1190–1203 Nicholas 1279 Robert Burley 1383–1410 Marmaduke Bradley 1536–39
John of York 1203–11 Adam Ravensworth 1280–84 Roger Frank 1410

Architecture

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Interior of the abbey church looking down the nave

The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell. The inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, resulting in deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's "home granges".[40]

The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two storeys high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c. 1170.[41] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century.[42] The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11 and carried on by his successor, terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47.[43] Similarities to the choir at Beverley Minster have been drawn by architectural historian Lawrence Hoey.[44] The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto: Soli Deo Honor et Gloria.[34] The sacristry adjoined the south transept.[45]

The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister, with the monks' dormitory above; along the cloister's southern walk are, from east to west, the warming house with muniment room above, the refectory, and the kitchens. Parallel with the western walk is an immense, vaulted substructure known as the cellarium (divided into sections serving as cellars and store-rooms, and with the lay brothers' refectory at its southern end, next to the kitchens), which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream.[46]

View of Fountains Abbey looking from west to south

The infirmary is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell. It was built in the mid-12th century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the 14th century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and large fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 171 by 69 feet (52 by 21 m),[1] "one of the largest aisled halls ever built in mediaeval England".[47] The infirmary had its own oratory or chapel, 46+1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m).

To the west of the cloister was the lay brothers' infirmary, and beyond that the two guest houses still visible, and a large guest hall to the north of them. Only the base of a pier and a table leg survive of the guest hall, but its plan has been established by geophysical survey.[48]

To the east of the abbey, north of the infirmary, is the monks' cemetery. It was long known to exist, but its extent and arrangement were only discovered in 2016, when a partnership between the National Trust, the University of Bradford, Geoscan Research, Magnitude Surveys and Guideline Geo used ground penetrating radar which discovered several hundred graves in a careful and orderly arrangement.[49]

Ground plan of Fountains Abbey as understood in the early 20th century. The buildings labelled "Abbots House" are now known to be the infirmary: the abbot's house was the buildings between the "cloister passage" and the river. The building to the west of the cloister labelled "Infirmary" is now known to have been the lay brothers' infirmary.

Endowments and economy

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Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming. Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After several years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.[9]

By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh[50] all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site, so that the grain from the granges could be brought to the abbey for milling.[51]

In October 2021, the National Trust announced that they had uncovered the foundations of a 12th- to 13th-century tannery at the abbey, described as being of "industrial" scale. The foundations, located close to the River Skell, were discovered using ground-penetrating radar, revealing a number of previously-unknown monastic buildings along a long, "bowling alley-type extension" whose use had long been unknown.[52]

Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted large areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn.[53] After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.[54]

Apart from the renting out of land, the monks themselves and their laybrothers, numerous in the early period, were committed on a large scale to its efficient development and the management of the landscape, not least the watercourses and woods.

The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.[55]

Burials

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After the Dissolution

[edit]
Gresham family crest

The Abbey buildings and land were seized by the Crown, and sold on 1 October 1540 to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament (MP) and previously Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new residence of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.[56]

In 1597 the site was acquired by Sir Stephen Proctor, who built Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family. They sold it to William Aislabie who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.[57][dead link‍]

Current status

[edit]

The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and is part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.[58]

The archaeological excavation of the site began under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.[59] In 1966, the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council, who transferred ownership to North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983.[60]

World Heritage Site designation

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In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of "being a masterpiece of human creative genius", and "an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history."[58]

National Trust ownership

[edit]

Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust also owns Studley Royal Park, and Fountains Hall, and manages St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873 (owned by English Heritage).[61] All of these are significant features of the World Heritage Site.[62] In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.[63]

Exhibition and display

[edit]
Fountains Mill

Fountains Mill is the former corn mill, built in the mid-twelfth century by the community. It is the most substantial Cistercian mill to survive.[64] There were two waterwheels installed, run from a leat taken from the Rover Skell.[65] It was later used as a sawmill, and in 1928 a turbine was installed to convert the building to the production of electricity.[66] The turbine installation ended the building's over 800 years of continuous use as a mill.[67] It has previously housed refugees and been used as a stonemason's workshop.[68] It was refurbished and opened as an exhibition space in 2000.[69] During 2022 the temporary exhibition was of work by the Yorkshire-based photographer Joe Cornish.[70]

The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived. The centrepiece of the display is a scale model of the abbey at the time of the Dissolution. Following a suggestion by Commander Clare George Vyner,[71] it was designed by the architect and artist Arthur Edward Henderson (1870–1956), and constructed from plastic by P Kemp and E Wilson at workshops in Surbiton.[72] The model, measuring some 10 feet by 7 feet and weighing about a ton, was donated on 23 April 1952.[73] Henderson's book on Fountains Abbey compares photographs of various parts of the ruin with his drawings of how that section would have looked originally.[74]

Climate crisis

[edit]

Since 2006 assessment of the impact of climate change has been an essential requirement for the management of World Heritage Sites.[75] In early 2021 a National Trust press release stated that the abbey "is at risk of being irreparably damaged by flooding, with several instances in recent years [particularly in 2007] when the 12th-century ruins and water garden have been deluged by water".[76] Funding from the National Lottery Heritage Fund was subsequently awarded and was intended to help finance the Skell Valley Scheme, which would "rejuvenate 12 miles of the River Skell" to help minimize the risk of flooding.[77]

Cultural significance

[edit]

On screen

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Fiona Bruce, Antiques Roadshow - 2004

During the cold winter of December 1981 Fountains Abbey was used as a location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for the music video of their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)".[citation needed]

In 1972 the abbey was the setting for Alan Bennett's first televised play, A Grand Day Out.[78] In 1980, the final scenes of Omen III: The Final Conflict were filmed there.[79] Other film productions that have used locations at the abbey include the films Life at the Top,[80] both The Secret Garden (1993) and The Secret Garden (2020),[81] and The History Boys.[82]

In October and November 2020, a number of scenes of the second season of the Netflix original The Witcher were filmed in the abbey and its surroundings.[83] The TV programmes Flambards,[84] A History of Britain,[85] Terry Jones' Medieval Lives,[86] Cathedral,[87] Treasure Hunt,[88] and Gunpowder,[89] have also been filmed there.

In literature

[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Fountains Abbey features twice in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books with poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.[90] In the 1833 edition to a painting of the ruins by N. W. Hook[91] and in the 1836 edition to a view of the interior vaults by Nathaniel Whittock.[92]

[edit]
  • Fountains Abbey from the west
    Fountains Abbey from the west
  • Fountains Abbey Exterior
    Fountains Abbey Exterior
  • Fountains Abbey Corridor
    Fountains Abbey Corridor
  • Fountains Abbey Exterior
    Fountains Abbey Exterior
  • Fountains Abbey Exterior from the north-west
    Fountains Abbey Exterior from the north-west
  • Fountains Abbey Stonemason marks in the Chapter House
    Fountains Abbey Stonemason marks in the Chapter House
  • Fountains Abbey monks' cellarium (larder)
    Fountains Abbey monks' cellarium (larder)
  • Fountains Abbey Cloister portal
    Fountains Abbey Cloister portal
  • Fountain Abbey grounds from the Infirmary
    Fountain Abbey grounds from the Infirmary
  • Fountains Abbey vaulted cellarium (larder)
    Fountains Abbey vaulted cellarium (larder)
  • Fountains Abbey east end of church
    Fountains Abbey east end of church
  • Ruins of the Arches at Fountains Abbey taken in the daytime.
    Ruins of the Arches at Fountains Abbey taken in the daytime.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Newcomb, Rexford (1997). "Abbey". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier. pp. 8–11.
  2. ^ Historic England. "Fountains Abbey with ancillary buildings (1149811)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  3. ^ Coppack 1993, p. 17
  4. ^ "The Abbey". Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal. The National Trust. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008.
  5. ^ Mills, A. D. (2011). A Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-19-107894-1.
  6. ^ Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012). "Fountains Abbey". The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.
  7. ^ McGuire, Brian Patrick, ed. (2011). A Companion to Bernard of Clairvaux. Brill, Leiden. p. 198.
  8. ^ "Foundation: a Cistercian identity". Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  9. ^ a b Page, William, ed. (1974). "Houses of Cistercian monks:Fountains". A History of the County of York: Volume 3. British History Online. pp. 134–138. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  10. ^ Keevill, Graham; Aston, Mick; Hall, Teresa (31 January 2017). Monastic Archaeology. OXBOW Books. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-78570-570-0.
  11. ^ Coppack 2009, p. 34
  12. ^ Coppack 1993, pp. 32–33
  13. ^ Spigelman, James J. (2004). Becket & Henry: The Becket Lectures. James Spigelman. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-646-43477-3.
  14. ^ Powicke, F. M. (1921). "Maurice of Rievaulx". The English Historical Review. 36 (141): 17–29. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXXVI.CXLI.17. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 552640.
  15. ^ "Richard [Richard of Fountains] (d. 1170), abbot of Fountains". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23510. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 7 July 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ^ "St Mary of Fountains, Fountains Abbey: 01. Church and general material". CRSBI. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  17. ^ Kerr, Julie; Foot, Sarah. "Robert of Pipewell". www.dhi.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  18. ^ a b Grainge, William (1880). Annals of a Yorkshire Abbey: A Popular History of the Famous Monastery of Fountains, from its Foundation to the Present Time; the Excavations made and Relics found at Different Periods; with a Survey & Description of the Ruins. Harrogate, England: Robert Ackrill. pp. 27, 34, 56. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  19. ^ Kerr, Julie; Foot, Sarah. "William of Newminster, abbot of Fountains 1180-90". www.dhi.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  20. ^ a b France, James (1 December 2012). Separate but Equal: Cistercian Lay Brothers 1120-1350. Liturgical Press. pp. 14, 178. ISBN 978-0-87907-747-1.
  21. ^ Kerr, Julie (14 May 2009). Life in the Medieval Cloister. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4411-2509-5.
  22. ^ a b Knowles, David (29 January 2004). The Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development from the Times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council 940-1216. Cambridge University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-521-54808-3.
  23. ^ a b "Houses of Cistercian monks: Fountains | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  24. ^ Robinson, David Martin (1998). The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain: Far from the Concourse of Men. B.T. Batsford. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-7134-8392-5.
  25. ^ Knowles, David (27 September 1979). Religious Orders Vol 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–9. ISBN 978-0-521-29566-6.
  26. ^ Cassidy-Welch, Megan (1 January 2001). "Incarceration and Liberation: Prisons in the Cistercian Monastery". Viator. 32: 23–42. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300728. ISSN 0083-5897.
  27. ^ Newsome, Clive (2003). The Abbey Trail. SIGMA PRESS. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-85058-803-0.
  28. ^ a b Burton, Janet; Burton, Janet E.; Kerr, Julie (2011). The Cistercians in the Middle Ages. Boydell Press. pp. 99–100, 176. ISBN 978-1-84383-667-4.
  29. ^ "Ripon, John (d. 1435), abbot of Fountains". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/107118. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 7 July 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  30. ^ a b Walker, John (2015). "Greenwell, John (d. in or after 1471), abbot of Fountains". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/107119. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 7 July 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
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Bibliography

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  • Coppack, Glen (1993). Fountains Abbey. B. T. Batsford Ltd / English Heritage. ISBN 0-7134-6859-9.
  • Coppack, Glen (2003). Fountains Abbey. The Cistercians in Northern England. Tempus publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-2546-3.
  • Coppack, Glen (2005). The White Monks. The Cistercians in Britain 1128-1540. Tempus publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-1493-3.
  • Coppack, Glen (2009). Fountains Abbey. The Cistercians in Northern England. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-418-8. [Revision of Coppack 1993 and Coppack 2003]
  • Walbran, John Richard, The Memorials of the Abbey of St. Mary of Fountains (Vol. 1), Surtees Society Vol. XLII for 1862 (for the Society, Durham, London & Edinburgh 1863). (Google books)
  • Walbran, John Richard, and Raine, James, The Memorials of the Abbey of St. Mary of Fountains (Vol. 2 Part 1), Surtees Society Vol. LXVII for 1876 (for the Society, Durham, London & Edinburgh 1878). (Internet Archive)

Further reading

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